UNIT+4+TERMS+LIST

LIMIT YOURSELF TO ENTERING 5 TERMS PER DAY, TO GIVE OTHERS A CHANCE TO CONTRIBUTE TO THIS PAGE ALSO. ADD LETTERS AS NEEDED.
1. **Minoans** a. The creators of Crete. (sde) b. Named after King Minos. (jst) c. An ancient, trade based, civilization on the island of Crete which which disappeared around 1400 BC. (hlo) d. A Bronze Age civilization 2700 - approx. 1400 B.C. (bba) 2. **Mycenaeans** a. The first of the greeks. (sde) b. The Mycenaeans overtook the Minoans for Crete. (moe) c. Last phase of the Bronze Age in ancient Greece; historical setting of much of ancient greek literature and Homeric epics. (bba) e. Early Greek warriors. (sma)

3. **Indo-Europeans** a.A family of languages consisting of most of the languages of Europe as well as thoes of Iran, the Indian Subcontinent, and other parts of Asia. (sma)\ b.Possibly a group of people made up by historians to explain the similarities in languages between Ireland and India.(aco)

4. **Sir Arthur Evans** a. He is a British archeologist in the early 1900's who discovered and named the Minoan civilization. (kpa) b. Created a five volume book on the first civilization, Minoans. (sma)

5. **Linear A** a. A style of writing developed by teh Minoas. (sde) b. Not yet deciphered but inscribed in clay tablets. (sma) C. evolved into Linear B (jho)

6. **Linear B** a.A script that was used for writing Mycenaean, an early form of Greek. Linear B died out with the fall of Mycenaean civilization. (mwi) b. Deciphered by by Michael Ventris and these tablets were found at Knossos. (sma) c. Evolved from Linear A when the Myycenaens came to crete. (jho)

7. **Michael Ventris** a. An English architect and classical scholar who, along with John Chadwick, was responsible for the decipherment of Linear B. (jti)

8. **Knossos** a.Knossos was the capital city of the Minoans, and was located on the island of Crete. (pgei) b. This is where Linear B was discovered. (sma)

9. **Mycenae** a. An ancient Greek city in the Northwest Peolponnesus, inhabited since about 400 B.C. (spa)

10. **Greek Dark Age** a. The Dark Ages refers to Greek history from the presumed Dorian invasion and end of the Mycenaean civilization in the 12th century BC, to the first Greek city-states in the 9th century BC. (mwi) b. A peroid of collapse for almost all civilizations in the eastern Mediterranean soon after 1200 BC. (sma)

11. **Troy** a. A legendary city and center of the Trojan War, as described in the Epic Cycle. (jti) b. In Latin it translates into Ilium and in Greek it translates into Ilion. (sma)

12. **Ilios** a.Greek word for Troy (aco)

13. **Iliad** a. A work of literature from ancient Greece. Composed by Homer and tells the story of the Trojan war. Oldest work of literature in European history. (Thu) b. Greek epic poem describing the seige of Troy. (sma)

14. **Odyssey** a. A book derived from the tales of many rhapsodes that tell the story of Odysseus's journey home from the Trojan War. (sde) b. Epic poem attributed to Homer, describing Odysseus adventures in his ten-year attempt to return home to Ithaca after the Trojan War. (sma)

15. **Trojan War** a. A war that started because prince Paris took Helen, the queen of Sparta, back with him. (sde) b. The war lasted for ten years between the Trojans and the Greeks. (jst)

16. **Homer** a. Supposed author of The Iliad and Odyssey. Now believed to be a great rhapsode. (Thu) b. He was blind. (sma) c. Date of his existence is controversial but most date "him" to "when" the Odyssey and Iliad were created, between the 7th centrury and the 9th century, with the Iliad being around the 9th century and the Odyssey dating to approximately the 7th century BC. (bba)

17. **epic poetry** a. a brief narrative poem. (maus) b. Poetry celebrating the deeds of some hero. (sma) c. A lengthy narrative poem. (ama)

18. **dactyl** a. a type of meter in poetry. a long syllable followed by two short syllables. (maus) b. three syllables, one stressed followed by two unstressed in a meter. (sma)

19. **spondee** a. in a poem, a metrical foot consisting of two long syllables. (maus)

20. **hexameter** a. a poetic form consisting of six metrical feet per line. (example: Iliad) (maus)

21. **dactylic hexameter** a. The meter of epic poetry. Consists **mostly** of a long-short-short pattern of syllables.(pgei)

22. **Calliope** a. The muse of epic or heroic poetry, and of poetic inspiration and eloquence. (spa)

23. **Muses** a. Nine Greek goddesses. Each muse represents a specific area of the liberal arts and sciences. (hlo) b. According to Hesiod, they are the daughters of Zeus, the King of the gods, and Mnemosyne, goddess of memory. (bba)

24. **Invocation of the Muse** a. The Invocation of the Muse is a prayer written to the muse of epic poetry. The Invocation appears at the beginning of both the //Odyssey// and the //Iliad//. (rsc)

25. **rhapsode** a. A performer of epic poetry in ancient Greece. Rhapsodes had to memorize epic poetry without any written literature. (Thu)

26. **Agamemnon** a. Son of Atreus, the king of Mycenae and leader of the Greek forces during the Trojan War. (maus) b. When he returned from the Trojan war, he was murdered by his wife Clytemnestra. (bba)

27. **Achilles** a. Son of the sea nymph Thetis and mortal Peleus; the most formidable Greek warrior at Troy. (spa) b. He was invulnerable in all parts of his body except his heel. (bba) c. The greatest Greek warrior in the Trojan War. (sma) d. He killed Hector and was killed when Paris wounded him in the heel, his one vulnerable spot, with an arrow. (sma)

28. **Nestor** a. Son of Neleus and Chloris and king of Pylos. (maus) b. One of the oldest and most respected warriors at Troy. Tried but failed to get Agamemnon and Achilles to end their argument. (rol)

29. **Chryse** a.The town that Agamemnon raids and loots. Home of Chryses and Chryseis.(aco)

30. **Chryses** a. Was said to be a priest of Apollo at Chryse, near Troy. During the Trojan War Agamemnon took his daughter Chryseis as a war prize. Chryses tried to pay her ransom but Agamemnon would not accept it as expected. A plague was sent through the Greek armies and forced him to give Chryseis back without a ransom. (maus)

31. **Chryseis** a. Daughter of Chryses, whom Agamemnon took as his war prize. (WCo)

32. **Briseis** a. A woman captured by Achilles, confiscated by Agamemnon, thus provoking Achilles' wrath, which fuels the Iliad's main conflict. (hlo)

33. **Menelaos** a. The king of Sparta and Helen's husband. (jst) b. A son of Atreus, brother of Agamemnon. (rol)

34. **Hector** a. A prince of Troy and the second best fighter of the Trojan War. (jst) b. Hector killed Patroclus in battle and was himself killed by Achilles. (rol) c. He is the son of Priam and Hecuba. (bba)

35. **Paris** a. A prince of Troy who had returned from Sparta with Helen, Menelaos' wife, sparking the Trojan War. (jst) b. He is the one who killed Achilles by shooting him in his heel with an arrow, something that was predicted by Achilles' mother, Thetis. (bba)

36. **Helen (of Troy)** a. The beautiful daughter of Zeus and Leda who was abducted by Paris. The Greek army sailed to Troy in order to retrieve her and sparked the beginning of the Trojan War. (hlo)

37. **Priam** a. The king of Troy. (jst) b. He is the youngest son of Laomedon. (bba)

38. **Apollo** a. The god of poetry, music, and oracles. (cpr) b. Also the god of health and sickness. (jho) c. Apollo is the son of Zeus and Leto and has a twin sister named Artemis. (bba)

39. **Zeus** a. The god of the sun. (maus) b. The leader of the Greek gods on Olympus and the god of the sky and thunder. (hlo) c. He is supposedly married to Hera, and he is known for his erotic affairs with other women resulting in many heroic and godly figures. (bba)

40. **Athena** a. Goddess of wisdom, war, and crafts. Patron goddess of Athens. (acl) b. The daughter of Zeus who was the mythological goddess of warfare and strategy. (hlo) c. Supported the Greeks in the Trojan War. (rol)

41. **Hera** a.The Greek god of women and marriage.(aco) b.Wife of Zeus(aco) c. Supported the Greeks in the Trojan War. (rol)

42. **Aphrodite** a. The Greek godess of love. (cpr) b. The goddess who influenced Paris to steal Helen from Menelaos and for Helen to fall in love with him. (rol) c. Supported the Trojans in the Trojan War. (rol)

43. **democracy** a. rule of the people (rol) b. There are two recognized principles in democracy: everybody in a society have equal access to power, and all people enjoy universal freedoms and liberties. (bba)

44. **oligarchy** a. rule of the few, meaning rule by a committee or council (rol) b. Alot of times the society practicing oligarchy is led by a powerful family. (bba)

45. **aristocracy** a. rule by the best, meaning regional rule by upper class aristocrats (rol) b. It can refer to the highest class in society even if they do not rule directly. (bba)

46. **tyranny or despotism** a. rule by a tyrant or despot, someone who has come to power illegally and by force but enjoys the support of the common people (rol) b. most tyrants became corrupt over time and were driven out of power by the people (rol) c. Tyrants ruled Greece in the 600's and 500's BC (the Age of Tyrants) (rol) d. In modern times, it is considered a harsh and inconsiderate form of government.(bba)

47. **monarchy** a. rule by a single individual, a kingship (rol) b. A common form of government in the ancient and medieval world where the king's supremacy is completely set apart from the people. (bba)

48. **Archaic Age or Archaic Period** a. Major period of ancient Greek history from 800 to 500 BC (rol) b. Period when Greek culture and civilization revived after the Greek Dark Age (rol) c. First great age of Greek colonization, time of governmental experimentation, rise of Athens and Sparta (rol) d. Iliad and Odyssey first assume written form (rol)

49. **Draco** a. Athenian statesman who introduced first written laws in Athens in 600's BC (rol) b. Most of his laws were punishable by death (rol) c. "draconian" is an adjective meaning "excessively harsh," referring to punishments and solutions to problems (rol) d. His laws were excessively harsh. (sma)

50. **Solon** a. Athenian statesman after Draco. His laws were much more lenient. (rol) b. Noted for his wisdom, he introduced the first elements of democratic government at Athens in early 500's BC. (rol)

51. **Cleisthenes** a. Athenian statesman credited with making Athens a democratic state around 500 BC. (rol)

52. **Lycurgus** a. Spartan statesman credited with making Sparta a militaristic state around 750 BC. (rol) b. A legendary character. Sparta likely became militaristic gradually over time in response to a variety of threats. (rol)

53. **Sparta** a. militaristic city-state in the southern Peloponnese, the most important Greek city in the Peloponnese (rol) b. Sparta developed Greece's best army but at considerable social cost. (rol) c. Sparta relied on its land army and had no navy. (rol) d. During Between 431 and 404 BC Sparta was the principal enemy of Athens during the Peloponesian war but by the year 362 BC Sparta's role as the dominant military power in Greece was over. (bba)

54. **Athens** a. democratic city-state on the Greek mainland, most important Greek city on the Greek mainland (rol) b. Athens had a land army and a powerful navy. (rol) c. It had many trade connections with the islands of the Aegean Sea. (rol) d. a belligerent in the Peloponnesian War, which it lost to Sparta. (jbo)

55. **Classical Age** a. the period of ancient Greek history between 500 and 350 BC. (rol) b. the most important period of ancient Greek history, the period most people think of or know about (rol) c. the time period when important events occurred, important people lived, best art and literature were created (rol)

56. **Persian War** a. Major war between Persia and Greece between 490 and 479 BC. (rol) b. Persia was the greatest power of its day and controlled the largest empire in history. (rol) c. The Greeks were seriously outnumbered and not expected to win the conflict. (rol) d. Despite long odds, the Greeks defeated the Persians in 490, 480 and 479 BC, saving western civilization. (rol) e. The victory gave the Greeks great confidence and led to their most creative period. (rol)

57. **Darius** a. King of Persia whose forces were defeated at Marathon near Athens in 490 BC. (rol) b. Darius I was the king of Persia who began the Persian War; Darius III was the king of Persia who was defeated by Alexander the Great of Macedon. (jbo)

58. **Xerxes** a. King of Persia, son of Darius, whose forces invaded Greece in 480 BC. (rol) b. He won a great victory at Thermopylae and sacked Athens but was defeated at sea at Salamis in 480 BC. (rol) c. His forces were defeated one final time at Plataea west of Athens in 479 BC. (rol)

59. **Peloponnesian War** a. Devastating civil war between Athens and Sparta from 431 to 404 BC. (rol) b. Sparta won, bringing Athens' period of prominence to an end. (rol) c. Democracy was abolished at Athens briefly but was then reestablished for a few decades. (rol) d. This war seriously weakened all the Greeks, leaving them vulnerable to defeat by the Macedonians. (rol)

60. **Herodotus and** **Thucydides** a. Herodotus was Greek historian living in the 400's BC where Turkey now is. He is called the Father of History. (rol) b. Herodotus is the main source of information on the Persian War and the author of the first work of history. (rol) c. Thucydides was an Athenian who fought in the Peloponnesian War and was the author of a detailed history about that war. (rol) d. Thucydides was a careful historian, much like a modern historian. Herodotus was much less careful with his sources and analysis. (rol)

61. **Parthenon** a. A temple dedicated to Athena and erected on Athens' acropolis after the Persian War. (rol) b. One of the most important architectural works of ancient times. (rol)

62. **acropolis** a. a high hill near a Greek city, usually with a fortress on top of it. (rol) b. The most famous acropolis is at Athens. (rol)

63. **Golden Age of Greece** a. The most important part of the Classical Age, from 500-400 BC. (rol) b. The high point of ancient Greek culture, also called the Fifth Century BC. (rol)

64. **Hellenistic Age** a. The Age of Alexander the Great, from about 350 to 150 BC. (rol) b. The time when the Macedonians conquered all of Greece and went on to conquer the Persian Empire. (rol) c. The time when Greek culture was spread most effectively across the East, all the way to the Indus Valley. (rol) d. This spread of Greek culture is called **hellenization**. (rol)

65. **Alexander the Great** a. Son of Philip II of Macedonia. One of the great conquerors of ancient times. (rol) b. Alexander conquered the entire Persian Empire in a series of brilliant military campaigns in the early 300's BC. (rol) c. His conquests were completed in about ten years. He died of a fever in Babylon (Iraq) in 323 BC. (rol) d. He was ultimately buried in Egypt at the city in the delta which bears his name, Alexandria. (rol) e. The site of his tomb has never been discovered, although his father's tomb may have been discovered (1977). (rol)